TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS: POTENSI TANAMAN OBAT INDONESIA DAN SENYAWA BIOAKTIFNYA SEBAGAI AGEN GASTROPROTEKTIF DALAM PENCEGAHAN DAN TERAPI TUKAK LAMBUNG
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/ujp.v5i2.1020Keywords:
Tukak lambung, gastroprotektif, tanaman obat indonesia, senyawa bioaktif, tinjauan sistematisAbstract
Tukak lambung merupakan salah satu gangguan saluran cerna yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global akibat ketidakseimbangan antara faktor agresif seperti asam lambung, pepsin, obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid (OAINS), dan stres oksidatif dengan faktor pertahanan mukosa lambung. Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman hayati tinggi dengan berbagai tanaman obat yang berpotensi sebagai agen gastroprotektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah secara sistematis potensi tanaman obat Indonesia dan senyawa bioaktifnya dalam pencegahan dan terapi tukak lambung. Metode yang digunakan adalah systematic literature review berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA 2020 melalui penelusuran basis data PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, dan Garuda. Kriteria inklusi meliputi artikel penelitian asli yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2020–2026 dan membahas aktivitas gastroprotektif tanaman obat. Sebanyak 22 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria dianalisis, terdiri atas 12 studi utama farmakologis dan 10 studi pendukung terkait mekanisme serta kandungan senyawa bioaktif. Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa beberapa tanaman seperti Aloe vera, Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale, Centella asiatica, Curcuma domestica, Tamarindus indica, Peronema canescens, Passiflora foetida, dan Syzygium polyanthum memiliki efek gastroprotektif melalui penurunan indeks ulkus, perbaikan histopatologi, penekanan mediator inflamasi, peningkatan sekresi mukus, serta aktivitas antioksidan. Mekanisme yang dominan meliputi aktivitas antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antisekretori, dan sitoprotektif mukosa lambung. Jahe dan kunyit juga menunjukkan manfaat klinis pada manusia, sehingga memiliki potensi translasi yang tinggi. Kesimpulannya, tanaman obat Indonesia memiliki potensi besar sebagai terapi komplementer tukak lambung, namun masih diperlukan standardisasi, uji toksisitas, serta uji klinik skala besar untuk memastikan efektivitas dan keamanannya.
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